Journal: eBioMedicine

Article Title: Autoantibodies against type I interferons in patients with zoonotic H7N9 influenza: an observational case–control study

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Autoantibodies binding to IFNα 2 , IFNβ 1b and IFNω in patients with H7N9 infection and healthy controls. (A) Age and sex distribution of the three study groups. For each age group, the number of individuals positive for autoantibodies neutralising at least one tested IFN-I (IFNα 2 , IFNβ 1b , IFNω) at low concentrations is indicated in red. M, male; F, female; nAb+, positive for IFN-I-neutralising autoantibodies. (B) Detection of IgG autoantibodies binding to IFNα 2 , IFNβ 1b or IFNω in serum samples by multiplex bead-based assay. Samples with a Z-score >7 were considered positive for IFN-I-binding autoantibodies. Measurements were performed without technical replicates because of limited sample availability. (C) Prevalence of IFN-I-binding autoantibodies by IFN type and study group. IFNα 2 ± IFNβ 1b ± IFNω, positive for autoantibodies binding to at least one of the tested IFN-I; IFNα 2 + IFNω, positive for autoantibodies binding to both IFNα 2 and IFNω.

Article Snippet: Serum was diluted 1:50 in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS and penicillin/streptomycin, and pre-incubated for 1 h at room temperature with one of the following IFN concentrations: (i) IFNα 2 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-34971) at 10 ng/ml or 0.5 ng/ml; (ii) IFNβ 1b (PBL Assay Science, 11420-1) at 1 ng/ml or 0.25 ng/ml; (iii) IFN-ω (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-35893) at 10 ng/ml or 0.2 ng/ml.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Infection, Multiplex Assay, Bead-based Assay

Journal: eBioMedicine

Article Title: Autoantibodies against type I interferons in patients with zoonotic H7N9 influenza: an observational case–control study

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Autoantibodies neutralising IFN-I in patients with H7N9 infection and healthy controls. (A) Luciferase-based reporter assay to assess the capacity of autoantibody positive sera to neutralise IFNα 2 (10 or 0.5 ng/ml), IFNβ 1b (1 or 0.25 ng/ml) or IFNω (10 or 0.2 ng/ml). Each sample was tested in biological duplicates and the mean values are shown. Samples were classified as neutralising if the mean of the relative luciferase activities was below 25% (dotted line) of the mean of the negative pool (four autoantibody-negative control sera). All sera positive for IFN-I-binding autoantibodies were tested; numbers are indicated above the graphs. Lines connect measurements of neutralising activity from the same serum sample at low and high IFN concentrations. (B) Prevalence of autoantibodies neutralising low IFN concentrations (IFNα 2 : 0.5 ng/ml, IFNβ 1b : 0.25 ng/ml; IFNω: 0.2 ng/ml) by IFN type and study group. IFNα 2 ± IFNβ 1b ± IFNω, positive for autoantibodies neutralising at least one tested IFN-I; IFNα 2 + IFNω, positive for autoantibodies neutralising both IFNα 2 and IFNω. (C) Area-proportional Venn diagrams illustrating the absolute numbers of samples with autoantibodies neutralising high and low concentrations of IFNα 2 (10 or 0.5 ng/ml), IFNβ 1b (1 or 0.25 ng/ml) or IFNω (10 or 0.2 ng/ml). Venn diagrams were created with BioVenn ( https://www.biovenn.nl/index.php ).

Article Snippet: Serum was diluted 1:50 in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS and penicillin/streptomycin, and pre-incubated for 1 h at room temperature with one of the following IFN concentrations: (i) IFNα 2 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-34971) at 10 ng/ml or 0.5 ng/ml; (ii) IFNβ 1b (PBL Assay Science, 11420-1) at 1 ng/ml or 0.25 ng/ml; (iii) IFN-ω (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-35893) at 10 ng/ml or 0.2 ng/ml.

Techniques: Infection, Luciferase, Reporter Assay, Negative Control, Binding Assay, Activity Assay

Journal: eBioMedicine

Article Title: Autoantibodies against type I interferons in patients with zoonotic H7N9 influenza: an observational case–control study

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Association between the presence of IFN-I-neutralising autoantibodies and H7N9 infection. (A) The association between age, sex and IFN-I-neutralising autoantibodies in patients with H7N9 infection or in the two control groups combined (poultry workers + close contacts) was assessed using Firth's penalised logistic regression. Predicted probabilities for the presence of autoantibodies with 95% confidence intervals (CIs, shaded areas around the curve) are shown across participant age for men and women. To visualise the modelled probabilities in relation to the underlying data, we overlaid sex-specific age density distributions beneath the predicted probability curves. (B) Odds ratios (OR) with 95% CIs for the presence of autoantibodies neutralising low IFN concentrations in patients compared to healthy controls, adjusted for age and sex, determined by Firth’s penalised logistic regression models. See also for the results of the logistic regression analyses and for unadjusted estimates. IFNα 2 ± IFNω ± IFNβ 1b , positive for autoantibodies neutralising at least one of the tested IFN-I; IFNα 2 ± IFNω, positive for autoantibodies neutralising IFNα 2 and/or IFNω; ∗∗∗∗, p < 0.0001 (Firth’s penalised logistic regression).

Article Snippet: Serum was diluted 1:50 in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS and penicillin/streptomycin, and pre-incubated for 1 h at room temperature with one of the following IFN concentrations: (i) IFNα 2 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-34971) at 10 ng/ml or 0.5 ng/ml; (ii) IFNβ 1b (PBL Assay Science, 11420-1) at 1 ng/ml or 0.25 ng/ml; (iii) IFN-ω (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-35893) at 10 ng/ml or 0.2 ng/ml.

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: eBioMedicine

Article Title: Autoantibodies against type I interferons in patients with zoonotic H7N9 influenza: an observational case–control study

doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106387

Figure Lengend Snippet: Neutralising sera block the antiviral effect of IFNα 2 in cell culture infected with IAV. Antiviral activity of IFNα 2 (5 ng/ml) against IAV (PR8-GFP, MOI 1) alone or in the presence of serially diluted IFN-I-neutralising sera (n = 19), autoantibody-negative sera (n = 4), or a monoclonal anti-IFNα 2 antibody in A549 cells. Infection rates (GFP + /DAPI + cells) at 7 h post-infection were normalised to untreated, infected cells. The dotted line indicates the reduction of infected cells after IFN treatment alone. If possible, the mean of two independent experiments is shown. Sufficient material was available for 12 out of 19 samples.

Article Snippet: Serum was diluted 1:50 in DMEM supplemented with 10% FCS and penicillin/streptomycin, and pre-incubated for 1 h at room temperature with one of the following IFN concentrations: (i) IFNα 2 (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-34971) at 10 ng/ml or 0.5 ng/ml; (ii) IFNβ 1b (PBL Assay Science, 11420-1) at 1 ng/ml or 0.25 ng/ml; (iii) IFN-ω (Novus Biologicals, NBP2-35893) at 10 ng/ml or 0.2 ng/ml.

Techniques: Blocking Assay, Cell Culture, Infection, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Medical Virology

Article Title: SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA Vaccination Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Type I IFN Changes in People Living With HIV

doi: 10.1002/jmv.71067

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pipeline of the study. PLWH, people living with HIV; PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells; IFN, interferon.

Article Snippet: All serum samples were assayed for nAbs to IFN‐α2 subtype (Intron; Schering‐Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA), IFN‐β (Rebif, Serono, Geneva, Switzerland), and IFN‐ω (PBL Interferon Source, Piscataway, USA) in a bioassay based on the IFN‐induced inhibition of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) cytopathic effect on human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549), as previously reported [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of Medical Virology

Article Title: SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA Vaccination Induces Neutralizing Antibodies and Type I IFN Changes in People Living With HIV

doi: 10.1002/jmv.71067

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression levels of IFN‐I in PLWH receiving BNT162b2 COVID‐19 vaccination. Expression levels of genes encoding IFN‐α2 (A), IFN‐β (B), IFN‐ω (C) measured by RT‐Real Time PCR, in PBMCs collected from people living with HIV (PLWH) before the first administration of BNT162b2 vaccine (T0, n = 66), the day of the administration of the second vaccine dose (T1, n = 66), after the administration of the second injection of BNT162b2 vaccine (T2, N = 67) and then more than 1 year after the T2 time‐point (T3, n = 60). The analysis of gene expression differences for IFN‐α2, IFN‐β, and IFN‐ω related to GUS (2 −ΔCt method) was conducted using the maximum number of available observations. Data are shown as natural logarithm (ln) and both median values and interquartile range of gene expression levels are reported. ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.001; ∗∗∗ p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: All serum samples were assayed for nAbs to IFN‐α2 subtype (Intron; Schering‐Plough, Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA), IFN‐β (Rebif, Serono, Geneva, Switzerland), and IFN‐ω (PBL Interferon Source, Piscataway, USA) in a bioassay based on the IFN‐induced inhibition of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) cytopathic effect on human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A549), as previously reported [ ].

Techniques: Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Injection, Gene Expression

Journal: Smart Molecules

Article Title: Endocytosis‐independent cytosolic entry of messenger RNA via fluorous bilayer zippering attenuating Toll‐like receptor signaling and enables ischemic tissue salvage

doi: 10.1002/smo2.70085

Figure Lengend Snippet: Biocompatibilities and immunogenicity of mRNA‐encapsulating polyplexes. (a) Cell viabilities of HUVECs upon 24 h incubation in presence of a variety of mRNA‐encapsulating polyplexes (mean ± s.d., n = 4, ** p < 0.01, student t test). (b) Hemolytic activities of sheep red blood cells upon 2 h incubation with varied concentrated delivery materials (*** p < 0.005; Student's t ‐test, mean ± s.d., n = 4). (c) confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurement for assessment of overall cellular internalization of mRNA‐encapsulating polyplexes into RAW264.7 cells. (d) Interferon‐β (IFN‐β): at 4 h post incubation, the expression levels of inflammatory molecules were measured with qRT‐PCR. (e) Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8): at 4 h post incubation, the expression levels of inflammatory molecules were measured with qRT‐PCR. (** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.005; Student's t ‐test, n = 4).

Article Snippet: Culture supernatants (100 μL/well) were harvested and assayed for IFN‐α using the Mouse IFN‐α ELISA Kit (PBL Interferon Source) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Immunopeptidomics, Incubation, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Smart Molecules

Article Title: Endocytosis‐independent cytosolic entry of messenger RNA via fluorous bilayer zippering attenuating Toll‐like receptor signaling and enables ischemic tissue salvage

doi: 10.1002/smo2.70085

Figure Lengend Snippet: Revascularization in hindlimbs by local dosage of mVEGF‐encapsulating polyplexes. (a) Therapeutic scheme. (b) Anatomy of the established hindlimb ischemia model. Ligations were made in the femoral artery at the proximal and distal sites. (c) Angiogenesis in mouse hindlimbs post ligation. (d) Visualization of blood flow by Laser Speckle Flowgraphy on Day 28 post‐dosage of mVEGF therapeutics (mVEGF: 10 μg). The magnified inset images captured by intravital confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), revealing vasculature details by intravenous dosage of FITC‐dextran (MW: 10 kDa). (e) Estimation of blood perfusion volume based on quantification by laser speckle flowgraphy on Day 28 post‐dosage of mVEGF therapeutics (mVEGF: 10 μg). The data were represented as the mean ± standard deviations (s.d.) ( n = 5). (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, student t test). (f) Quantification of the expressed VEGF protein on day 4 post dosage by ELISA.

Article Snippet: Culture supernatants (100 μL/well) were harvested and assayed for IFN‐α using the Mouse IFN‐α ELISA Kit (PBL Interferon Source) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Ligation, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay